Category Archives: Survey Of Web Design

A Brief History and Basics of Web Design.

03.04.14
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E-mail Newsletter Code Basics

newsletter-layoutNEWSLETTER CODE OVERVIEW

<html>
<head>
<title>NEWSLETTER</title>
</head>

<body>
<!–HTML NEWSLETTER WRAPPER-THIS IS A NOTE–>
<table width=”100%” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”0″>
<tr>
<td><!–HTML NEWSLETTER DESIGN–>
<table width=”640″ border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”0″ align=”center”>
<tr>
<td><!–HTML NEWSLETTER HEADER–><table width=”640″ border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”0″>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!–END HTML NEWSLETTER HEADER–>
<!–HTML NEWSLETTER NAVIGATION–>
<table width=”640″ border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”0″>
<tr>
<td><table width=”100%” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”4″>
<tr>
<td>Link</td>
<td>|</td>
<td>Link</td>
<td>|</td>
<td>Link</td>
<td>|</td>
<td>Link</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!–END HTML NEWSLETTER NAVIGATION–>
<!–HTML NEWSLETTER BODY–>
<table width=”640″ border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”4″>
<tr>
<td><!–HTML COLUMNS AND ROWS BODY–><table width=”100%” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”4″>
<tr>
<td>ROW 1 Column A</td>
<td>ROW 1 Column B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ROW 2 Column A</td>
<td>ROW 2 Column B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ROW 3 Column A</td>
<td>ROW 3 Column B</td>
</tr>
</table><!–HTML COLUMNS AND ROWS BODY–>
<table width=”100%” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”4″>
<tr>
<td>BODY FULL WIDTH 1 COLUMN ONE ROW</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<!–END HTML NEWSLETTER BODY–>
<table width=”640” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”4″>
<tr>
<td>FOOTER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris pellentesque tellus sed sapien convallis, non hendrerit metus semper. Maecenas magna massa, placerat congue laoreet tempor, dapibus aliquet magna. Mauris a molestie felis. Nullam lectus dolor, viverra sit amet mauris ultrices, condimentum pharetra mauris. Nam eu erat nibh. Quisque eget tincidunt nulla. Donec id purus nibh. In quis lectus at lorem tincidunt gravida. Sed vel leo nulla. Integer a luctus metus. Mauris non nisl mi. Ut velit sapien, accumsan a magna et, luctus fringilla ipsum. </td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!–HTML NEWSLETTER DESIGN–></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!–END HTML NEWSLETTER WRAPPER-THIS IS A NOTE–>
</body>
</html>

THE MIRROR EFFECT

Everything must have an opening and closing

<html></html>

<html> = This opens the specifc tag
</html> = This closes the specific tag

TITLE YOUR PAGE

<title> MY WEB PAGE </title>

IMAGES

<img src=”logo.jpeg”  border=”0” width=”200” height=”200”  style=”display:block“/> –relative link in same folder

<img src=”/images/logo.jpeg”  border=”0” width=”200” height=”200” style=”display:block“/>-relative link in another folder

<img src=”../images/logo.jpeg”  border=”0” width=”200” height=”200” style=”display:block“/> –relative link in outside another folder

TABLES

Tables are what makes up a standard e-mail newsletter, it’s sort of like a document size or
art board in adobe creative suite.

In computer programming, a table is a data structure used to organize information, just as it is on paper. There are many different types of computer-related tables, which work in a number of different ways. The following are examples of the more common types.

I) In data processing, a table (also called an array) is a organized grouping of fields. Tables may store relatively permanent data, or may be frequently updated. For example, a table contained in a disk volume is updated when sectors are being written.

Colspan: When a table and Column are merged.

Rowspan: When a table and row are merged.

<table width=”100%” cellpadding=”0” cellspacing=”0” border=”0”>
<tr>
<td>–Content Goes Here–</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table width=”100%” cellpadding=”0” cellspacing=”0” border=”0”>
<tr>
<td colspan=”2″>–Content Goes Here–</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table width=”100%” cellpadding=”0” cellspacing=”0” border=”0”>
<tr>
<td rowspan=”2″>–Content Goes Here–</td>
</tr>
</table>

FONTS

Standard HTML font tag

<font></font>

<font face=”arial,helvetica, sansserif”></font>

<font face=”arial,helvetica, sansserif” size=”2”></font>

<font face=”arial,helvetica, sansserif” size=”2”>MY NAME IS JOHN</font>

MY NAME IS JOHN

<strong><font face=”arial,helvetica, sansserif” size=”2”>MY NAME IS JOHN</font></strong>

MY NAME IS JOHN

<h1>MY NAME IS JOHN</h1>

MY NAME IS JOHN

<strong><h1>MY NAME IS JOHN</h1></strong>

MY NAME IS JOHN

IMAGE FORMATS

Image formats: JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP

Transparent GIF: Gif Image with no background color: Used for small icons

Transparent PNG: PNG Image with no background color: can be used for high res images best with vector images.

TERMINOLOGY

HTML: Hyper Text Mark Up Language

SEO: Search Engine Optimazation

JAVA

Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is the underlying technology that powers state-of-the-art programs including utilities, games, and business applications. Java runs on more than 850 million personal computers worldwide, and on billions of devices worldwide, including mobile and TV devices.

Why do I need Java?

There are lots of applications and websites that won’t work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere!

04.16.11
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CERN AMD Tim Berners Lee-TAKEN FROM THE CERN SITE

In 1989, while working at at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, Tim Berners-lee proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier “Enquire” work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. He wrote the first World Wide Web server, “httpd“, and the first client, “WorldWideWeb” a what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep environment. This work was started in October 1990, and the program “WorldWideWeb” first made available within CERN in December, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991.

Where the web was born

Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989. The Web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automatic information sharing between scientists working in different universities and institutes all over the world.

CERN is not an isolated laboratory, but rather a focus for an extensive community that now includes about 60 countries and about 8000 scientists. Although these scientists typically spend some time on the CERN site, they usually work at universities and national laboratories in their home countries. Good contact is clearly essential.

The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the technologies of personal computers, computer networking and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global information system.

CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The name is derived from the acronym for the French Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or European Council for Nuclear Research, a provisional body founded in 1952 with the mandate of establishing a world-class fundamental physics research organization in Europe. At that time, pure physics research concentrated on understanding the inside of the atom, hence the word ‘nuclear’.

When the Organization officially came into being in 1954, the Council was dissolved, and the new organization was given the title European Organization for Nuclear Research, although the name CERN was retained.

Today, our understanding of matter goes much deeper than the nucleus, and CERN’s main area of research is particle physics — the study of the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces acting between them. Because of this, the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.

How the web began

The first proposal for the World Wide Web (WWW) was made at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, and further refined by him and Robert Cailliau in 1990.

By the end of that year, prototype software for a basic system was already being demonstrated. To encourage its adoption, an interface to the CERN Computer Centre’s documentation, to the ‘help service’ and also to the familiar Usenet newsgroups was provided.

The first web servers were all located in European physics laboratories and only a few users had access to the NeXT platform on which the first browser ran. CERN soon provided a much simpler browser, which could be run on any system.

In 1991, an early WWW system was released to the high energy physics community via the CERN program library. It included the simple browser, web server software and a library, implementing the essential functions for developers to build their own software. A wide range of universities and research laboratories started to use it. A little later it was made generally available via the Internet, especially to the community of people working on hypertext systems.

Going global

The first web server in the United States came on-line in December 1991, once again in a pure research institute: the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California.

At this stage, there were essentially only two kinds of browser. One was the original development version, very sophisticated but only available on the NeXT machines. The other was the ‘line-mode’ browser, which was easy to install and run on any platform but limited in power and user-friendliness. It was clear that the small team at CERN could not do all the work needed to develop the system further, so Berners-Lee launched a plea via the Internet for other developers to join in.

Several individuals wrote browsers, mostly for the X-window system. The most notable from this era are MIDAS by Tony Johnson from SLAC, Viola by Pei Wei from O’Reilly, Erwise by the Finns from the Helsinki University of Technology.

Early in 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois released a first version of their Mosaic browser. This software ran in the X Window System environment, popular in the research community, and offered friendly window-based interaction. Shortly afterwards the NCSA released versions also for the PC and Macintosh environments. The existence of reliable user-friendly browsers on these popular computers had an immediate impact on the spread of the WWW. The European Commission approved its first web project (WISE) at the end of the same year, with CERN as one of the partners. By late 1993 there were over 500 known web servers, and the WWW accounted for 1% of Internet traffic, which seemed a lot in those days! (The rest was remote access, e-mail and file transfer.) 1994 really was the ‘Year of the Web’. The world’s First International World Wide Web conference was held at CERN in May. It was attended by 400 users and developers, and was hailed as the ‘Woodstock of the Web’. As 1994 progressed, the Web stories got into all the media. A second conference, attended by 1300 people, was held in the US in October, organised by the NCSA and the already created the International WWW Conference Committee (IW3C2).

By the end of 1994, the Web had 10,000 servers, of which 2,000 were commercial, and 10 million users. Traffic was equivalent to shipping the entire collected works of Shakespeare every second. The technology was continually extended to cater for new needs. Security and tools for e-commerce were the most important features soon to be added.

Open standards

An essential point was that the Web should remain an open standard for all to use and that no-one should lock it up into a proprietary system.
In this spirit, CERN submitted a proposal to the Commission of the European Union under the ESPRIT programme: ‘WebCore’. The goal of the project was an International Consortium, in collaboration with the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Berners-Lee officially left CERN at the end of 1994 to work on the Consortium from the MIT base. But with approval of the LHC project clearly in sight, it was decided that further Web development was an activity beyond the Laboratory’s primary mission. A new home for basic Web work was needed.

The European Commission turned to the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Controls (INRIA), to take over the role of CERN.

In January 1995, the International World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded ‘to lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability’.

By 2007 W3C, run jointly by MIT/LCS in the US, INRIA in France, and Keio University in Japan, had more than 430 member organizations from around the world.

04.03.11
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Brief History of Adobe

For 25 years, Adobe Systems Inc. has pushed publishing and printing boundaries to the limits. With their proprietary PDF format, computer scientists John Warnock and Charles Geschke have established a company that has become the software provider of choice for a wide range of industries.

Before founding Adobe Systems, Inc. in 1982, both men worked at the prominent Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the late 1970’s. The inspiration to create Adobe came from the research they conducted on device-independent graphic systems and printers. Their goal as technological innovators was to translate digital text and images onscreen accurately onto the printed page. This idea would be the motivating force behind Adobe’s constant innovation and re-invention of technology.

Read More!

04.03.11
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ARPANET — The First Internet

In 1957 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) is developed to by the military
to ensure technological superiority for the United States. A necessity brought about supposedly by the launch of the Russian satellite
– Sputnik. This would become the basis for the development of the Internet. ARPAnet (later the Internet) was developed by a group of academics and military personnel
from within this country’s foremost technology based universities. Once ARPAnet is up and running the next step is to focus on delivery of this computer formulated information.

ARPANET deployed

 

Historical document: First ARPANET IMP log: the first message ever sent via the ARPANET, 10:30 PM, 29 October 1969. This IMP Log excerpt, kept at UCLA, describes setting up a message transmission from the UCLA SDS Sigma 8 Host computer to the SRI SDS 940 Host computer

The initial ARPANET consisted of four IMPs:

The first message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420.[7] Supervised by Prof. Leonard Kleinrock, Kline transmitted from the university’s SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute’s SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word “login”; the “l” and the “o” letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was “lo”. About an hour later, having recovered from the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full “login”. The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.[8]

The contents of the first email transmission in 1971 have been forgotten; in the Frequently Asked Questions section of his Web site, the sender, Ray Tomlinson, who sent the message between two computers sitting side-by-side, claims that the contents were “entirely forgettable, and I have, therefore, forgotten them”, and speculates that the message likely was “QWERTYUIOP” or some such.[9]

The ARPANET was the first wide area packet switching network, the “Eve” network of what has evolved into the Internet we know and love today.

The ARPANET was originally created by the IPTO under the sponsorship of DARPA, and conceived and planned by Lick Licklider, Lawrence Roberts, and others as described earlier in this section.

The ARPANET went into labor on August 30, 1969, when BBN delivered the first Interface Message Processor (IMP) to Leonard Kleinrock‘s Network Measurements Center at UCLA. The IMP was built from a Honeywell DDP 516 computer with 12K of memory, designed to handle the ARPANET network interface. In a famous piece of Internet lore, on the side of the crate, a hardware designer at BBN named Ben Barker had written “Do it to it, Truett”, in tribute to the BBN engineer Truett Thach who traveled with the computer to UCLA on the plane.

Read More…

03.19.11
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Birth of Apple Computers

In 1975 one of the first computer kits appears on the cover of Popular Mechanics magazine. It’s called the Altair8800. This kit began the era of desktop computing. Two men from Harvard would notice this development and would begin their own journey. One man William H. Gates III would in time become the most popular drop out of Harvard University. His friends name Paul Allen would embark on a journey that would that would leave a mark in history. They would partner together and work on the Altair and create a microcomputer operating system generated from the language basic. A company would be later founded by them called Microsoft.

On the west coast in 1972 Steve Wozniak created the”blue box” a tone generator that made free phone calls from his dorm room in college at UC Berkley. This think different mentality would serve him well in the near future. In 1976 Steve Wozniak meets up with his old high school friend Steve Jobs who at the time was working for Atari Together these two would start one of the worlds most innovative computer companies.

Wozniak was the brains of the operation, and Steve had the charisma and voice to bring on what some might call a revolution.

In 1979 Apple was in it’s early infancy as well as Microsoft. It is in PARC that the two tech giants would meet face to face for the first time. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs both visited PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), what was unveiled to them was the Alto Computer system. This presented the perfect opportunity for them to go to the next level both Jobs and Gates were driven into making there own mark and ultimately creating there own empire.

Later in years Apple would be faced with a legal battle between Microsoft on who took the architecture for the Mac Os and the Windows operating system. Xerox (PARC) would then also take Apple through another lawsuit at the same time. The district court dismissed Xerox’s claims without addressing whether Apple’s GUI infringed Xerox’s.  Apple lost all claims in the Microsoft suit except for the ruling that the trash can icon and file folder icons from Hewlett-Packard’s NewWave windows application were infringing. The lawsuit was filed in 1988 and lasted four years; the decision was affirmed on appeal in 1994, and Apple’s appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied.

Apple is currently in a legal battle now with Amazon over it’s titled Apps Store.

Below is a list and time line of Apple and there Computer Systems and Tech

Apple I

Apple II

Apple II+

Apple III

Apple Lisa

Macintosh

03.19.11
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PARC (PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER)

In  the 1970’s Xerox, a developer of office machines would establish the PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) for computer research at Stanford University. PARC was the epicenter of our modern day technology. PARC four-seen a paperless society, a society which are now just becoming. PARC was made up of key individuals Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Larry Tesler, and Robert Metcalfe. These individuals helped develop such work as the Alto, Object Oriented Programing (OOP), GUIs (Graphic User Interface), Ethernet, Smalltalk, WYSIWIG (What You See Is What You Get), and most importantly Apples Computer Operating System.

PARC CREATES THE ALTO

Alan Kay and his team at PARC were the first to concept the idea of the Personal Notebook(Laptop). The Dynabook was conceived it would have been no bigger a textbook. Since technology was not up to par at the time Alan and his team set there eyes a little lower. What they did create was the Alto.

The Alto was the first personal home desktop computer. The Alto was created in 1972 and named after the location of PARC, Palo Alto California. The Alto consisted of a monitor, keyboard, and a new invention the mouse. Douglas Englebart invented the mouse, Alan Kay the GUI, and Robert Metcalf developed the Ethernet.

The Alto was perfect! it was able to fit in an office, was easy to use, and it had a disk storage system for backup. The Alto was designed to become the first personal home computer.

The GUI graphical user interface used for easy interaction within computer programs. Larry Tesler and Tim Mott are credited for the ease and use of the advanced alto. Tesler is credited for creating Icons, and menus for usability of the newly invented mouse and storage system. This then lead into the creation of Charles Simonyi’s new updated version of a text editor. This page composition lay out began the revolution and started the development of Pagemaker, QuarkXpress, and Indesign.

Tesler went on to work for Apple, while Simonyi went to Microsoft and eventually created Microsoft word.

Parc Alto first computer GUI

03.16.11
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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

In 1946 the ENIAC was unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania. The machine was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly was the first electronic digital version of a modern day computer. Developed jointly by the military the University of Pennsylvania, it’s job was to study ballistic computations. In the same year a computer labratory is founded at Manchester University, England by a giant from the Royal Society. The age of computers begins worldwide. Now that machines like this were operational the next step was to create a memory storage system.

Later in the 1947 the ENIAC was converted to a counting system to an elementary stored program computer. By 1948 a magnetic drum memory is introduced as a data storage device computers. Past this point advancements in the technology kept on coming faster and more complex.

03.16.11
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Furniture That Stares Back at You

Fred Allen a legendary radio personality once said “who wants furniture staring back at you” Well similar to Mr Warner’s belief in sound in motion picture this became a fallacy in it’s own.

In 1921 a young farm boy from Utah name Philo T. Farnsworth had a vision while plowing his potato field he realized that if he were to transmit images through electromagnetic fields prevalent in the air. Philo was a mere 14 years old when he was given this vision. The concept would be later brought in 1927 when he and his team with transmit via a camera and an image to a receiving system, a vacuum tube. Although just an image of the smoke from his cigarette this would confirm his theories. This discovery would soon be one of the most prominent tools to the discovery of mass communication. By 1929 he moved onto the development of color television. This was first debuted in 1940 commercially. This concept came to light and began many opportunities from all areas Radio Corporation Company or RCA would be the first to imitate Farnsworth’s invention, this ultimately lead to a court battle and the first television license of 1938.

The first television debuted in 1939 at the worlds fair, now the face of the President can be seen throughout the whole country, and stars of the silver screen would become stars of the small screen.

03.16.11
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Can Horses Fly and the movie theater

In the mid 19th century few individuals discussed if a horses hoofs came completely off the ground when it galloped. This simple question would change the way we saw images forever. Leland Stanford a California Governor at the time commissioned Edouard Muybridge would prove that in fact all the horses hoofs left the ground. Muybridge was not happy with this event the still pictures were not enough. He would process images that would spin in front of a lamp thus producing, for all purposes moving images.

This then began an affect on many influential people at the time especially Thomas Edison, Edison himself would then begin improve on the creation of motion picture and create his own movies. These movies were a great part of Americas Landscape of the time and thankfully are well preserved for historic value.

Followed by the affect of motion picture four Jewish brothers from Pennsylvania decide to sell their fathers horse and use the money to invest in the fledgling industry. The purchased a projector and rented a hall borrowed some chairs from a funeral home and then began to charge 5 cents a showing for whatever movies they can get their hands on. In one year they made enough money to open their own theater and by back their fathers horse as a Chanukah gift. Their Names were Warner and the rest is history…